The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimated on Friday that the regional cost of the Iran war has reached $63 billion, encompassing military expenditures by the United States and coalition partners, infrastructure damage across the Gulf states, trade disruption from the Hormuz closure, and humanitarian aid requirements. [1]

The figure does not include domestic economic effects in the United States (energy inflation, market volatility) or second-order costs in non-combatant nations (Africa's fuel crisis, the Philippines' energy emergency).

-- HENDRIK VAN DER BERG, Brussels